11/22/2023 0 Comments Cranial nerves for pupil measurementIdentify the optic disc (colour, margins, central retinal vein pulsation).Red reflex (15 degrees lateral to midline).Ophthalmoscopy (dim or turn off any ambient light).Accommodation reflex (pupil constricts on near-vision).Swinging light test for relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD).Direct reflex (brisk or sluggish, equal or unequal).Visual fields can be formally assessed using Goldmann kinetic perimetry and Humphrey visual fields testing.Central visual fields can be assessed with red hat pin (faded in optic neuritis) and central vision can be further assessed with Amsler grid.Start with your finger outside your own visual field and move towards the centre in well-defined increments).Ideally use white hat pin to test visual fields, each eye separately.Test each eye separately for central scotoma: can the patient see whole face.A patient with neglect will only note one finger moving. Wiggle both index fingers at the same time.Hold your hands approximately 60 cm apart and ask the patient to point to the finger that moves. Facing the patient ask them to look at your nose and keep their head still. Ensure you and the patient are sitting at the same horizontal level, 1m apart with glasses off
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